Ruby-throated hummingbird male, taken in central Minnesota
Bird migration is still one of nature’s most interesting-yet-mysterious events. On the surface, migration seems rather simple and straightforward, but if you stop and take a detailed look, you will see it offers every shade of complexity possible.
There are over 11,000 species of birds, and about 40% partake in some form of migration. Migrations range from simple elevational changes for species that live in the mountains, to short-distance movements to avoid unfavorable weather, to long-distance trips to warm climates to escape winter, to the granddaddy of them all—migration from one end of the Earth to the other. Right away, you can see there is more to migration than perhaps you thought.
In the 1800s, we didn’t understand much about migration. We thought it was impossible for a tiny bird to navigate over great distances and endure huge physical demands, so we said it was impossible and we came up with our own ideas to explain the unexplainable. It was thought that hummingbirds had to migrate on the backs of geese, in order for them to escape winter. We also said that some birds dove down to the bottom of ponds and overwintered in the mud. These kinds of theories now seem preposterous and outlandish. Yet at the time, they were accepted as fact.
In the 1900s, we started to develop new ways to study birds. Some of the earliest attempts to track migration involved catching a bird and tying a brightly colored ribbon on its wing, in hopes of being able to find the bird again during winter. This wasn’t very efficient, and one had to have an idea of where the bird stayed for the winter already to make this work.
When transistors were invented in the 1940s, the breakthrough made small electronics possible. By the end of the 1900s, small devices were used to track the migration of free-flying birds. This was the beginning of our better understanding of bird migration, but it was just the tip of the migration iceberg.
In just the past few decades, so much new—and almost unbelievable—information about bird migration has completely turned our understanding of migration upside down. Today, there are many ways to track migrating birds. One of these migration tracking tools is a website called Bird Cast from Cornell Lab. It can be found at www.birdcast.org. All you need to do is put in your county and state; then, each day during the migration season, you can see how many birds passed over your county on the previous night.
There is a ton of information available to anyone who is curious about what is going on with migration. In addition to the tally of birds migrating through your county, there is also information about what time they migrated, the timing of each nightly flight, along with flight direction and altitude. The site also has a list of the expected species that should be migrating.
For example, as I write this, 97,400 birds passed over my county last night, and at one given moment last night, 36,400 birds were in flight, traveling SSW at 14 mph, at an altitude of 600 feet, all at one time. In order to gather all this data, Bird Cast uses data from the national network of weather surveillance radars (NEXRAD). Sophisticated algorithms and machine-learning models are applied to the radar data to separate weather, such as precipitation, from biological signals (the birds). It then analyzes the strength of the radar signals to estimate the number of birds that are flying. Just like with weather, the data is used to give migration forecasts to predict nocturnal bird migration for the next few nights.
We sure have come a long way in our understanding of bird migration, unlocking some of the most mysterious natural events of nature. However, no doubt, there is so much more we don’t understand about bird migration, and we will surely learn more in the years to come. Until next time…
Stan Tekiela is an author / naturalist and wildlife photographer who travels extensively to study and capture images of wildlife. He can be followed on www.instagram.com and www.facebook.com. He can be contacted via his website www.naturesmart.com.
Ruddy duck male in flight, taken in central Minnesota
When I go out to photograph wildlife, I usually have a specific species of critter in mind. The best images are typically the ones that I envision ahead of time, then carefully plan and execute. There isn’t anything left to chance. I make sure that I go to the spots or areas where the species is most abundant, and I go at the time of year when I can expect to see the critter in good numbers. I also make sure to go at the time of day the critter is most active. This usually involves knowing the critter’s biology, habits, food preferences, and so much more.
I think it’s a common misconception that wildlife photographers just wander around, hoping to get lucky. Or they stand in the woods for hours and hours waiting for something to transpire right in front of them. Honestly, this might work, but the odds are very low. The best photographers are focused, pun not intended, on a specific species and are actively working to obtain an image.
Having said that, every now and then, while I’m out trying to photograph a specific species, another unrelated species presents itself. This is exactly what happened this spring. I was out photographing western grebes—a bird that requires planning just to see it, let alone photograph it—when a duck species that I normally don’t see was busy courting a female nearby. It was a ruddy duck (Oxyura jamaicensis).
The ruddy duck is one of six species of “stiff-tailed ducks” in the genus Oxyura. They are found in North and South America. They breed mostly in the western half of the country, extending as far east as the Great Lakes. Their common name comes from the rusty red breeding plumage of the male.
It is a small, round, compact duck. The male is rusty or chestnut brown with a striking black cap and white cheeks. One of the most outstanding features is the male’s large, bright-blue bill. It also has a set of dark, nearly black, stiff tail feathers that it cocks straight up while swimming around and displaying. Only a handful of duck species have these specialized tail feathers, and the ruddy is the only one in North America. While I’m at it, I mentioned this bird’s large sky-blue bill. Hunters commonly refer to lesser and greater scaups as blue bills. If there was a species that should be called blue bill, it’s the ruddy duck! Just one look at the male and you will understand what I’m saying.
Ruddy duck male bubbling, taken in central Minnesota
Similar to the feathers of blue jays and bluebirds, there isn’t any blue pigment in the bill of the male. In spring, hormones cause the growth of a thin layer of cells over the dark bill. These cells, along with the dark layer below, absorb all the wavelengths of sunlight and reflect back to our eyes only the blue color light. As a result, we see a blue bill.
While I was out photographing, I noticed a single male ruddy duck and one female near the edge of the cattails. The male was busy showing off to the female. Male ruddy ducks perform a very distinct and unusual drumming of their lower bill (mandible) against their chest feathers. The duck hits its bill on its chest hard enough to produce a “drumming” sound. The physical act of drumming its lower bill against its chest also sends a torrent of bubbles in the water, right in front of the displaying male. This display is known as “bubbling.”
It is not very common to see ruddy ducks flying. They migrate during the night, and they don’t fly around much during the day; however, I got lucky enough to see this lone male ruddy duck take a couple of laps around the wetland before coming back and landing. Ruddies don’t fly very high, but they fly fast. Combine that with the fact that they are very small ducks, and you see how they’re challenging subjects for capturing images in flight.
This male took flight three times, each time flying far enough away for me to lose sight of it. After a few minutes, it would come flying back in like a rocket. It would cruise just above the cattails; when it reached open water, it would drop down and fly directly over the water. This allowed me to capture some fabulous, eye-level images of this most remarkable duck in flight. Sometimes you go out specifically to capture one species and come home with something completely different. This is one of the joys of wildlife photography. Until next time…
Stan Tekiela is an author, naturalist, and wildlife photographer who travels extensively to capture images of wildlife. He can be contacted through his website www.naturesmart.com.
Each spring, as the migration of birds sweeps across North America, another movement takes flight—one that is transforming the face of conservation and outdoors culture: Black Birders Week. What began in 2020 as a response to the racism experienced by Black naturalists and birders, most notably the Central Park bird-watching incident involving Christian Cooper, has blossomed into a vibrant annual celebration of Black joy, expertise, and community in the outdoors.
Black Birders Week is more than a social media campaign. It is a call for visibility and inclusion, with a weeklong series of events, panels, and bird walks highlighting the experiences and contributions of Black birders, scientists, and nature enthusiasts. With hashtags like #BlackBirdersWeek and #BlackInNature, participants share stories, photos, and educational resources, challenging stereotypes and opening doors for the next generation.
The Importance of Representation
Seeing someone who looks like you in a field you love can be transformative. This theme is powerfully explored in People the Planet Needs Now, edited by Dudley Edmondson. The book is a tapestry of voices from the Global Majority—activists, scientists, and community leaders—who share their journeys at the intersection of environmental justice and social equity. Among them is Corina Newsome, a wildlife biologist and one of the co-organizers of Black Birders Week.
Corina’s story, like those of many contributors, underscores the barriers faced by Black and Brown people in conservation and STEM fields. She writes about the lack of representation in her early career and the impact of mentorship from leaders like Dr. Brian Davis, who advocated for paid internships and greater inclusivity in conservation. Corina’s hope is that, through visibility and advocacy, young Black children who love wildlife will grow up expecting to see Black biologists in the field—not being surprised by it.
Another inspiring figure featured in People the Planet Needs Now is Jason Hall, a biochemist and founder of the In Color Birding Club in Philadelphia. Jason’s mission is to open the birding and outdoors space to BIPOC birders, not only for the mental and physical benefits but also for the sheer joy of birding itself. He challenges the traditional culture of birding by emphasizing fun, learning, and community over perfection and posturing. Jason’s inclusive approach creates welcoming spaces where people of color can experience the outdoors without the pressure of “getting everything right,” and where misidentifying a bird is simply an opportunity to learn together.
Dudley Edmondson: Bird Enthusiast, Photographer, and Trailblazer
No discussion of Black Birders Week or the movement for diversity in birding would be complete without highlighting the work and legacy of Dudley Edmondson himself. Based in Duluth, Minnesota, Dudley is an acclaimed photographer, filmmaker, author, and presenter whose passion for birds and the outdoors has inspired countless people across the country.
Dudley’s love for birds is not just a personal hobby—it’s a lifelong mission to connect people, especially those from underrepresented communities, to the wonders of the natural world. He often speaks about the power of bird-watching as a gateway to environmental stewardship, and his workshops and presentations encourage new birders to pick up their binoculars and cameras, regardless of their backgrounds.
For over three decades, Dudley has been capturing the beauty and diversity of birds through his lens; his photographs have been featured in galleries and publications around the world. His keen eye for avian subjects is matched by his commitment to making the outdoors more inclusive. Dudley’s landmark book, Black & Brown Faces in America’s Wild Places, was one of the first to spotlight the stories of African Americans in nature and conservation. This groundbreaking work earned him an invitation to the White House for the signing of America’s Great Outdoors Initiative during the Obama Administration.
As the editor of People the Planet Needs Now, Dudley continues to amplify the voices of BIPOC conservationists, birders, and scientists. His work on the board of the Bell Museum of Natural History and the Lessard-Sams Outdoor Heritage Council further demonstrates his dedication to conservation and education.
Alex Troutman: From Spark Bird to Author
Another prominent voice in both People the Planet Needs Now and the Critters series is Alex Troutman, a wildlife biologist whose passion for nature was ignited by his “spark bird”—the red-tailed hawk. Alex’s journey is a testament to the power of early exposure and encouragement. In Critters of Georgia, he shares not only his expertise on the state’s diverse wildlife but also his dedication to making nature accessible and welcoming for all, especially children from minority and low-income backgrounds.
Alex is also a co-organizer of Black Birders Week and several other “Black in X” initiatives, including Black Mammalogists Week and Black in Marine Science Week. Through these movements, he and his colleagues are building community, celebrating Black scientists, and encouraging diversity in STEAM fields. Alex knows what it feels like to not see individuals who look like you, or come from a similar background, doing the things you enjoy or working in the career that you aspire to be in. He makes a point not only to be that representation for the younger generation, but also to make sure that kids have exposure to the careers they are interested in and the diverse scientists working in those careers.
Building a More Inclusive Outdoors
Black Birders Week is not just about birds—it’s about belonging. It’s about challenging the historical and cultural barriers that have excluded Black and Brown people from natural spaces, as well as reclaiming the narrative that nature is for everyone. As Dudley Edmondson’s anthology reminds us, environmental justice and social equity are deeply intertwined. The stories of Corina Newsome, Alex Troutman, and others show that when we center marginalized voices, we not only enrich the conservation movement but also inspire hope and action for a more just and sustainable future. Remember the words of these authors and advocates: Representation matters, community matters, and everyone deserves a place in nature’s story.
For whatever reason, some wild animals are near and dear to people’s hearts. They have a universal appeal, resulting in admiration across the masses. For example, many are obsessed with owls. Any kind of owl. Big ones, small ones, it really doesn’t matter.
The same can be said for other wild critters, such as otters. For whatever reason, everyone seems to love otters. This was on full display last week while I was leading a photographic tour of bald eagles and sea otters in Alaska. For five days, my small group of photographers spent 6 hours a day photographing bald eagles and sea otters.
There are 13 species of otters in the world, ranging in size from the small-clawed otter, which is less than 3 feet long, to the giant otter, which stretches 6 feet long. All otters are semiaquatic or marine mammals in the Weasel family. They can be found on every continent, except for Antarctica and Australia.
The sea otter (Enhyrda lutri) is the heaviest of the otter species. Males can weigh upwards of 100 pounds. Females are noticeably smaller. This makes sea otters the heaviest of the Weasel family but also makes them one of the smallest of all the marine mammals. When you get up close to a sea otter, you notice right away that they are very large animals, reaching 4-5 feet long, including their short tail.
They live in cold ocean environments, and their primary form of insulation from the cold water is not fat but, rather, fur. They have an exceptionally thick coat of fur, the densest in the animal kingdom. They have up to 1 million hairs per square inch covering their body. The density of the fur prevents water from reaching the body. Otters have two layers of fur: a dense underfur for insulation and longer guard hair that helps keep water off the underfur.
Sea otters lack blubber, a fatty layer that is common in other marine mammals. Pups are born with a buoyant coat of fur that helps them float. However, this very fur almost killed off the sea otter. Starting in the mid-1700s, sea otters were killed for their fur. By the mid-1900s, populations were down to only 1,000 to 1,500 total animals alive. It was believed that the sea otter would become extinct due to uncontrolled trapping. Recovery has been slow, and now there are small populations in 13 regions around the world, from Japan to Russia, British Columbia, California, and Alaska.
To maintain their warmth and life in the ocean, sea otters consume at least 20% of their body weight in marine invertebrates such as sea urchins, sea cucumbers, mollusks, clams, and mussels. Surprisingly, unlike river otters, fish are not a big part of their diet, although they occasionally eat birds such as loons and grebes.
Like others in the Mustelid family, sea otters reproduce at any time of year. This means that young otters are born even in the middle of winter. We spent many days on a boat looking for the sea otters and found several mothers with babies, which made for some adorable images. When we approached in the boat, the mother otters seemed to be more curious than cautious. They floated around on their backs, holding their babies to their chests with their front paws. Using a very long lens, we were able to capture some intimate moments between mother otters and pups. Until next time…
Stan Tekiela is an author, naturalist, and wildlife photographer who travels extensively to study and photograph wildlife. He can be followed on www.instagram.com and www.facebook.com. He can be contacted via his website at www.naturesmart.com.
If you’re already a follower of the wide variety of nature-focused titles from Adventure Publications, prepare to experience the great outdoors in an entirely new way with the Sam Rivers Mystery series by Cary J. Griffith. This captivating collection combines the thrill of well-crafted mysteries with the author’s deep knowledge of wildlife and wilderness settings, creating a reading experience that’s as educational as it is entertaining.
Sam Rivers isn’t your typical mystery protagonist. As a U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service special agent, he brings a unique perspective to criminal investigations. His expertise in wildlife management and conservation adds an authentic layer to these page-turning narratives. Sam’s faithful companion, Gray, a wolf-dog hybrid with keen instincts, accompanies him on his adventures, creating a dynamic duo that readers can’t help but root for.
What sets these mysteries apart is the author’s remarkable ability to transform natural landscapes into characters themselves. From the dense forests of Minnesota to the rugged bluffs of the Driftless region, each setting is rendered with such vivid detail that you can almost feel the crunch of leaves underfoot or hear the rustle of wildlife in the underbrush. Cary doesn’t just describe these environments, he immerses you in them, making the wilderness both a backdrop and a vital element of each investigation.
Each book in the series features a distinct wildlife theme that serves as both plot device and powerful metaphor. In Wolf Kill, the predator-prey dynamics of wolf packs mirror the hunter-hunted relationship between investigator and killer. Cougar Claw explores the elusive, solitary nature of mountain lions as a reflection of isolated human communities harboring secrets. Killing Monarchs uses the fragility and miraculous migration of monarch butterflies to symbolize vulnerable victims and the far-reaching consequences of exploitation. Dead Catch employs the harsh survival conditions of Minnesota winters and the untamed waters of Lake Vermilion as a metaphor for human resilience and adaptation. Throughout the series, Cary masterfully uses these natural elements not merely as backdrop but as profound symbolism that enhances the thematic depth of each mystery, demonstrating how the laws of nature often parallel the darker aspects of human behavior.
The series appeals to a wide range of readers. Outdoors enthusiasts will appreciate the authentic portrayal of natural environments. Wildlife conservationists will value the educational aspects woven throughout the narratives. And mystery lovers will be drawn into the intricately plotted investigations that challenge both Sam’s intellect and wilderness skills.
Rattlesnake Bluff: The Latest Sam Rivers Adventure
In the upcoming Rattlesnake Bluff, the fifth installment in the series, Cary delivers his most compelling mystery yet. When an endangered rattlesnake is discovered at a construction site in southeastern Minnesota, Sam Rivers is called to investigate what initially appears to be an environmental issue. However, the situation takes a sinister turn when the investigation unearths human remains buried decades ago. As Sam delves deeper into the case, he uncovers a web of secrets connecting the rattlesnake, the remains of two children, and a series of present-day murders. The narrative expertly weaves together themes of environmental conservation, the weight of past actions, and the complexity of human nature. Featuring Cary’s signature blend of suspenseful storytelling and rich environmental detail, Rattlesnake Bluffpresents Sam with his most dangerous challenge yet—one that puts both him and his loyal companion Gray in the crosshairs of a ruthless killer determined to keep the past buried. This latest addition to the series showcases why Jeffrey B. Burton, award-winning author, describes it as a “rollicking page-turner“ in which “Special Agent Sam Rivers finds himself on the endangered species list.“
For AdventureKEEN readers looking to expand their appreciation of the natural world through the lens of gripping fiction, the Sam Rivers Mystery series offers the perfect blend of outdoors adventure and suspenseful storytelling that will keep you turning pages late into the night.
I find diversity to be the special ingredient underpinning the strength of Mother Nature. This was abundantly clear last week when I was in Florida to photograph a very specific variation of the common and widespread eastern fox squirrel (Sciurus niger). I was in search of the Sherman’s fox squirrel (Sciurus niger shermani), a subspecies that only occurs in a handful of places in Florida and a couple of other states.
The fox squirrel is the largest of the tree squirrels found in North America. Eastern fox squirrels measure 20 to 30 inches, from tip of nose to end of tail, and they weigh around 2-3 pounds. The Sherman’s fox squirrel is large and unusual looking, and it requires stands of longleaf pines with a scattering of oaks for its habitat, as it feeds on the seeds of these trees.
Just the overall appearance of this squirrel makes it worth going out of your way for a sighting. It has a black head, forelegs, and back. In contrast, its ears and the tip of its nose are bright white. Its belly is tan to cream, and it has a huge fuzzy tail that can be black to silver.
Of course, in order to photograph one of these super-shy and secretive squirrels, I did a lot of Internet searches to learn of possible locations. After sitting up late into the night, I made a list of possible spots. In the morning, I started making some calls. Most of the places were state and county parks. I called all of them. Only one had a staff member who picked up the phone and said yes, the park had a couple of these squirrels. I dropped the phone and started driving. Upon arrival, I was given a map. It was a 5-mile hike out to the location, so I picked up some water, snacks, and my camera gear and headed out. When I arrived in the area, I could see evidence of a Sherman’s fox squirrel eating the large cones produced by the longleaf pine trees, but I didn’t see the critter. I was exhausted by the time I got back to my truck. The search continued.
While driving through central Florida, I stopped at another state park that had the right habitat. I drove in and talked to a staff member. He basically laughed in my face and said, “Good luck, buddy!” They are hard to find and super shy. The same thing happened at the next several parks where I stopped.
Next, I drove 1.5 hours south to a natural preserve recommended by someone on Facebook. Upon arrival, I saw that the habitat wasn’t right. I drove down the road a little farther and saw a guy in his driveway. I risked it and drove onto the property. The homeowner wasn’t too pleased to see me. He said, “We don’t get many people out in the country.“ I inquired about the squirrels, and he said he had never seen one in the area in his life. I was off again.
I made a couple more phone calls and sent a few text messages to Florida friends who understand wildlife. I got a few replies but no solid leads. The search continued like this for three days, but nothing panned out. It was getting very frustrating, and I was beginning to think I wouldn’t be able to find one of these elusive squirrels anywhere.
A friend who was born and raised in Florida knew of the species and said the only place he had ever seen one was along a rural road in the middle of nowhere. I had run out of leads and thought it was worth a try. One morning around 10 a.m., I rolled up in the general area that my friend told me about. I had little-to-no hope of seeing the creature when, all of a sudden, I spotted one about 50 feet off the road, heading toward a fence!
I pulled the truck over and got out. I was able to grab a few images of the fleeing squirrel. It sat on the fence long enough for me to capture a few more photos. It then jumped to a tree, allowing time for a couple more images. I came back a few times over the next several days and managed to capture a few more images. It was amazing. Until next time…
Sherman’s fox squirrel, taken in east-central Florida
Stan Tekiela is an author, naturalist, and photographer who travels extensively to capture images of wildlife. He can be followed at instagram.com and facebook.com and contacted via his website at naturesmart.com.
Are you ready to embark on a fun, educational journey into the world of birds? Mark your calendars for April 1st, 2025, as award-winning author and naturalist Stan Tekiela invites you to explore his latest masterpiece, Whose Feather Is That?. This interactive, beautifully illustrated children’s book is the perfect way to ignite curiosity about wildlife and foster a love for nature in young readers.
Why Whose Feather Is That? Is a Must-Have for Your Bookshelf
Birds are some of nature’s most fascinating creatures, and their feathers are equally captivating. Whose Feather Is That? transforms these wonders into a delightful guessing game that engages children and adults alike. Each page features a unique bird feather accompanied by a clever clue, encouraging readers to guess which bird it belongs to. From the ruby-throated hummingbird to the majestic great horned owl, this book showcases a variety of North American birds.
Written by Stan Tekiela, a renowned naturalist and wildlife photographer, this book not only entertains but also teaches valuable lessons about the importance of protecting birds and their habitats. Stan reminds readers that observing feathers in nature is exciting, but collecting them is often against the law. Instead, he encourages children to take photos or make sketches, which deepens their appreciation for wildlife conservation.
Who Is Stan Tekiela?
Stan is no stranger to the world of nature books. With over 190 published works, including field guides, children’s books, and wildlife puzzles, the author has a proven track record of captivating audiences with his stunning photography and engaging storytelling. A Bachelor of Science in Natural History from the University of Minnesota and numerous national and regional awards further highlight his expertise.
Stan’s passion for nature shines through in every page of Whose Feather Is That?. His ability to combine scientific accuracy with an entertaining narrative makes this book an excellent resource for parents, educators, and young readers.
What Makes This Book Stand Out?
Interactive Learning: The guessing game format keeps readers engaged while teaching them fascinating facts about birds and their feathers.
Stunning Photography: Stan’s vivid images bring each bird and feather to life, making it easy for readers to connect with nature.
Conservation Message: By emphasizing the importance of protecting birds and their habitats, this book inspires a sense of responsibility toward wildlife.
Suitable for All Ages: While designed for children, the book’s content is equally enjoyable for adults, making it a great family resource.
Perfect for Nature-Loving Families and Educators
Whether you’re a parent looking to spark your child’s curiosity, a teacher searching for an engaging classroom resource, or simply a bird enthusiast, Whose Feather Is That? is the perfect addition to your collection. The book introduces readers to birds like the vibrant northern cardinal, the clever American crow, and the impressive wild turkey, making it a treasure trove of knowledge.
Pre-Order Now for the April 1st Launch!
Don’t miss out on this exciting new release! Pre-order your copy of Whose Feather Is That? today and be among the first to experience the wonder of Stan Tekiela’s storytelling. This book is an affordable way to bring the beauty of nature into your home.
Follow Stan Tekiela for More Nature Adventures
Stan’s work extends far beyond this book. Follow him on Facebook or visit www.naturesmart.com to explore his other publications, including field guides and children’s books about North American wildlife. His engaging style and stunning photography will leave you eager to learn more about the natural world.
Celebrate the joy of discovery and the beauty of birds with Whose Feather Is That?. Launching on April 1st, this captivating book by Stan Tekiela is sure to become a favorite for nature lovers of all ages.
Mushroom Finder is a new addition to the Nature Study Guide Finders series started by May Theilgaard Watts in the 1930s. Author Jacob Kalichman is a field mycologist who maintains suggested common names and associated guidelines for North American fungi.
When did your interest in fungi begin?
It started abruptly in 2010. I had already been interested in finding and identifying bugs and snakes for a few years, so it wasn’t a big leap. But I had never paid attention to wild mushrooms before a family trip to coastal Northern California, at a perfect place and perfectly rainy time for them. I tried mushroom hunting on the first day there and got hooked immediately.
What is your favorite fungi?
I can’t pick a favorite species, but I have a favorite category of many thousands of species, which is the largest group of mushrooms, the agarics (mushrooms with gills). I picked them to focus on because I wanted a huge-but-tasteful challenge. Agarics would be the obvious candidates for the “peak” of fungal evolution, but only a few genera get a lot of attention. Mushrooms are famously diverse and plastic, but somehow the biggest group, the agarics, are surprisingly well-defined. The boundaries with other groups aren’t too fuzzy, and the variation within the group isn’t too extravagant.
Can you share a personal anecdote about your experiences with researching fungi?
No, I’m not a good storyteller because I make things as boring as possible. The more you think you understand the patterns or the possibilities, the less surprising any particular events are. I’ve managed to make all my personal experiences boring, but not mushroom identification. It’s still far from obvious how to categorize even the familiar mushrooms by simple field features, which is why it’s exciting, and why everyone should buy copies of Mushroom Finder. There’s no fluff, and everything weird in it is included because the mushrooms really are intractably weird.
What was the most challenging aspect of researching fungi?
Real fungal researchers, scientists conducting studies and doing lab work, have a lot more challenges than I have. One of the most challenging things for me, personally, is just finding the time and motivation to actually go mushrooming. It’s so much easier to stay home and study by just reading and browsing photos. When you go out, you have to worry about gas, weather, bugs, rangers, photography, and making collections, but it’s worth it for learning faster. A picture is worth a thousand words, and a mushroom in the hand is worth a hundred mushroom pictures.
How do you cater information to both beginner and more experienced mushroom foragers?
Maybe I should learn to distinguish them, but I haven’t yet. As far as identification goes, I don’t see much of a difference between beginners and experts. There’s such an incredible number of species—and there’s so much variation within each one—that every identifier is guaranteed to be a beginner regarding thousands of species.
The features that distinguish lookalikes within one group are different from the features that distinguish lookalikes in another group. And there isn’t a lot of well-developed terminology for field features. So I don’t think “general mushroom ID expertise” is as meaningful as one might assume. Someone who knows a species doesn’t need to read about it, and someone who doesn’t know the species does, regardless of what else they know.
What advice do you have for a beginner?
You might be able to have the most fun by setting the lowest expectations. Mushroom identification is really hard in general. You’ll never be able to identify everything you find, to species, by sight. But some are easy. The more time you spend, the more you’ll recognize. Don’t go hunting for any particular species; spend some time with whatever you find. Everything is something!
I think the best way to learn is to go mushrooming with someone who’s already familiar with it. You’ll learn what they tell you (obviously), but you’ll also find out how they find mushrooms, how they look at them, how much they know (you can learn it too), and how little they know (you don’t have to know everything).
What do you hope nature enthusiasts and amateur mushroom hunters learn from your book?
It’s supposed to be a useful first step for identifying whatever fungus or fungus-like thing you’ve just found.
It’s about broad categories, groupings with visibly different forms, which are likely to be studied by different people. I hope it’s a good illustration of how many of those categories there are. It’s pretty comprehensive and doesn’t rely on a “miscellaneous” grouping. That means we ended up with as many categories here as there are species in some other guides.
What are some common misconceptions about mushroom hunting?
One misconception is that picking a mushroom “kills it.” Picking is usually as harmless as picking an apple off a tree. The mycelium is a network of threads underneath, in the soil or wood, that will go on living and producing more mushrooms.
Of course, the actual mushroom you pick will no longer be able to release all the spores it naturally would have. Also, hard shelf-like conks on the sides of logs and trees are usually perennial, so be aware that it could take many years for another to reach the same size.
Another misconception is that it’s all about ingestion. A lot of enthusiasts go mushrooming like bird-watchers, not for food—just for the fun of finding, photographing, and identifying whatever species happen to be there. It’s for enjoying nature, building skills, contributing to knowledge, the thrill of a scavenger hunt, etc.
What are some practical tips or techniques for safely identifying mushrooms in the wild?
Identifying mushrooms is always safe, and so is touching and smelling them, but eating mushrooms isn’t always safe. Don’t eat a mushroom unless you’re absolutely sure of its identity and edibility. Maybe ask yourself, “If I eat this and wake up terribly sick in the hospital the next day, would it be crazy to consider that it might be because of the mushroom?” If the answer is no, I think you shouldn’t eat it. Comparing features in books probably isn’t enough for that. Ideally, you should have some amount of experience in the woods, and confirmation from someone else who has more.
What are some safety tips you have for foragers?
Don’t get lost!
What is one surprising fact about mushrooms that readers might enjoy?
It’s perfectly safe to taste a small, fresh piece of even the deadliest mushroom, as long as you spit it all out. Tasting like this, with a nibble and spit, is a normal part of identification for several groups of mushrooms.
A number of people (including me) have chewed up and spit out big, hearty bites of deadly mushrooms with no apparent symptoms, but I wouldn’t recommend it. Accidentally swallowing any amount could mean hospitalization or worse.
How do you see the field of mushroom hunting evolving in the next few years?
I think it will get easier in several ways. We’ll have more and more DNA-sequenced, photographed collections, which we can use to get a better idea of what species we have and how to distinguish them in the field. AI will keep getting better at identifying mushrooms from photos.
The difference between mushroom foraging (for food) and mushrooming (for curiosity, photography, etc.) will keep getting more clear, like the difference between bird hunting and bird-watching.
I think common names will be suggested, improved, settled on, and used a lot more. We’ve lagged badly behind plants and animals and settled for scientific names in lots of “common” situations. But I think we’re finally moving toward catching up.
In what ways do you think this book contributes to the larger conversation and understanding of the role of fungi in our ecosystem?
This book isn’t about ecology, it’s about identification. It’s a tool for identifying fungi, as well as an unusual way to see how diverse the forms you can find and identify are. I hope it does what any field guide does, which is to sacrifice a bit of mystery in exchange for some familiarity, fun, or beauty. I’m really happy with Roo’s illustrations, because they provide all three. Some fungi are important, and all fungi interact with other species, but not everything about fungi is important, or about the other species. If you enjoy this book, I think it has done its job.
Find the entire Nature Study Guide Finders series at naturestudy.com.
Stone-cold killers come in all shapes and sizes in the natural world. However, we often think of large, menacing creatures with long, sharp claws and razor-sharp teeth as predators and don’t give a second thought to the small ones. Some of these small predators are often cute and adorable. That’s what makes them so cool.
I was thinking about this a week or so ago while I was photographing an adorable tiny owl. Behind the beautiful feathers lies the heart of a predator. The northern pygmy owl (Glaucidium californicum) is native to western North America. As its name implies, it is a tiny owl, only 6-7 inches tall and weighing about 2-3 ounces. By comparison, the very familiar American robin is 10 inches tall and weighs about the same as the pygmy owl.
I arrived in Yellowstone National Park a couple of days before I was scheduled to lead a winter photo tour. I had time to meet up with some other photo guides and catch up on the latest info about the wolves in the park, but everyone was talking about the northern pygmy owls that seemed to be popping up throughout the area.
On the second day, I spotted one of the tiny owls up on a mountainside. I grabbed my longest lens and tripod and started climbing up the mountain. The snow was only a foot or so deep, so it wasn’t too bad, but the elevation was over 7,000 feet, and I wasn’t acclimated yet. So I had to stop many times to catch my breath, look around to get my bearings, and then keep climbing. Every now and then, I would stop and visually relocate the owl.
When I finally reached the area just below the owl, I was breathing so heavily that I couldn’t take any pictures. Several minutes later, I was able to slow down my breathing and focus my camera. What I saw in my viewfinder was the cutest, tiniest owl with bright-yellow eyes.
Northern pygmy owls are daytime hunters and mainly prey on small songbirds like chickadees. Pygmy owls are cavity-nesting birds, taking over old woodpecker cavities. They have a relatively short lifespan, with average birds lasting only three to four years.
The perch the owl was on didn’t look very good and it was very high up in a tree, so I really didn’t take many pictures. Suddenly, the owl took off and went to another tree that was even higher. I thought, “How am I going to capture some images of this tiny killer?“ By the time I worked my way over to the new tree, the owl flew again. This time, it flew down the mountain. I was happy to be going down and not up!
By the time I got near the owl again, I was able to capture some images. These images were good, even though the owl was near the top of a tall tree. I was much closer to eye level with the bird because I was higher up on the mountain and the tree was lower.
I thought, perhaps, this might be the best image I could get with this bird. I stood there just enjoying the moment, looking around at the snow-covered mountains all around me, and then the owl flew once again. This time, the owl was flying directly toward me. It swooped up and landed in a small cedar tree not 35 to 40 feet away—again at my eye level. I swung my camera around, framed up the picture, and pushed the shutter release button.
I could see through the viewfinder on my camera that this was going to be a wonderful image. The owl stayed there for several minutes, actively hunting. Its head was swiveling around from side to side as it looked for something to prey upon. Small snowflakes were gently falling, and the air was cold.
Once again, the owl took off and landed in another tree much farther away. I was thrilled knowing that I had captured a stunning image of a marvelous predator. I turned and picked up my tripod and camera and started the hike down the mountain. The snow was falling steadily now, and by the time I got back to my truck I was covered with flakes. I packed up my photo gear, climbed in, and fired up the engine. I had a great feeling of satisfaction after spending some time with such a cool little killer.
About the author: Naturalist, wildlife photographer, and writer Stan Tekiela has published more than 175 field guides, nature books, children’s books, wildlife audio CDs, puzzles, and playing cards, presenting many species of birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, trees, wildflowers, and cacti in the United States. With a Bachelor of Science degree in Natural History from the University of Minnesota and as an active professional naturalist for more than 35 years, Stan studies and photographs wildlife throughout the United States and Canada. He has received various national and regional awards for his books and photographs.
Also a well-known columnist and radio personality, Stan’s syndicated column appears in more than 25 newspapers, and his wildlife programs are broadcast on a number of Midwest radio stations. Stan can be followed on Facebook and Twitter. He can be contacted via naturesmart.com.
Dorcas S. Miller, founding president of the Maine Master Naturalist Program, is the author and illustrator of Bird Nest Finder, in addition to more than a dozen other nature guides in the Finders series, including Track Finder, Scat Finder, Winter Weed Finder, Berry Finder, and Constellation Finder. Her Finders books have sold over half a million copies. Bird Nest Finder is her newest one, released in October 2024.
What inspired you to write Bird Nest Finder?
When the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS) issued a permit to a naturalist training program that I helped start, we could legally collect and use a variety of specimens—-including nests—in our programs. I bought a popular nest book replete with color photographs but without a key. I also found an out-of-print 1949 publication with an extensive key but no photos or illustrations. Both books were challenging to use. My goal was to develop a user-friendly guide with keys and illustrations.
What prompted you to focus on aboveground bird’s nests in eastern North America?
Two reasons: Ground-level nests are so well camouflaged that they are much harder to find. Plus, Finder books are only 64 pages long, so there simply wasn’t room for both ground-level and aboveground nests. I couldn’t even include all aboveground nests, so I chose to focus on common (and sometimes charismatic) species.
What do you think is the most surprising fact about bird’s nests that readers might not be aware of?
A Migratory Bird Special Purpose Salvage permit (issued by the USFWS) is required in order to collect dead migratory birds, bird parts (such as feathers), abandoned nests, and nonviable eggs from the wild for conservation education purposes.
Can you share some challenges you faced while researching and writing this book?
* How to develop a key that would encompass nests that are large and small, beautiful and plain, elaborately constructed and apparently haphazard, camouflaged and in plain sight;
* How to convey with pen and ink both the details (grass, twigs, fluff, lichen, plastic, wasp’s-nest paper, etc.) and the gestalt of each nest;
* How to include enough—but not too much—written information;
* How to fit everything in a pocket-size format;
* How to blend data and observations collected from naturalists over the course of 100 years with my own observations;
* How to deal with nests that I’ve never seen.
The last challenge sent me on an expedition to Cambridge, Massachusetts, to visit the extensive nest collection at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University. There, I was able to observe, measure, take notes on, and sketch nests from all over eastern North America.
How do you envision your book being used by readers in the field?
I hope that the book helps people learn about where and how birds build their nests, then gain a greater understanding of the inter-connections of the natural world.
Could you discuss any memorable encounters or discoveries during your field research for this book?
The nests that tell a story are particularly memorable. In the woods behind my house, I found two unbroken, 1.1×0.8-inch white eggs resting on the flattish surface of a 3-foot stub covered with pine needles. No birds fluttered near the scene. Two days later, both eggs had disappeared. What happened here? White eggs of this size and in this setting pointed to the mourning dove, which builds a minimal nest, usually with a few haphazard twigs and grasses. A predator—likely one of the ubiquitous squirrels but perhaps a raccoon, skunk, or fisher—had dropped by for an egg-y hors d’oeuvre.
The winter wren regularly uses niches in the upturned roots and dirt of a blown-down tree. Time and time again I checked blown-downs without success. Then, as I walked along a trail with friends, I glanced at a fallen tree and two fist-size cavities in the roots caught my eye. One had a floor of grasses and moss; the edges of the hole were crisp. The other floor contained vegetation, but the entrance was worn and some bits of moss had dribbled down the roots. What happened here? A male wren had started both nests; the female chose one and added the lining. As she flew in and out with food, her wings brushed against and rounded the niche edges, transporting some materials past the lip.
Do you have any advice for aspiring naturalists or those interested in contributing to bird conservation?
* Volunteer. Some time ago, I banded land birds for two months (fall migration) at a bird observatory. I helped support long-term research and I learned so much. You might not have that much time, but if you can identify accurately, you might spend a day collecting information for the annual Christmas Bird Count, a blitz to tabulate every bird and species within a specified time in a defined area. Your local bird club can provide details. In the process, you’ll spend time with other passionate birders.
* If you have a backyard, check for invasive plants and take steps to limit or eradicate them. These species can choke out native species that serve as host nests. If you don’t have a yard, help an organization that does. This past summer, I volunteered with individuals from a local land trust who wielded machetes and scythes, cutting back highly invasive Japanese knotweed. The team had cut twice already (to sap plant strength); professional application of an herbicide would follow, as would replanting with native vegetation. There was a stark difference between before and after; I felt my contribution was making a difference.
* Check out conservation organizations and join one or two. These organizations are likely to have a list of projects for volunteers, so you can contribute time and learn a lot.
The Nature Study Guide Finders Series was started by May T. Watts in the 1930s. The series has been updated, with one group released in October 2024 and the rest of the series to be released in April 2025. Go to naturestudy.com to learn more.
